Device and method for automatically updating a database of driving speed limits

ABSTRACT

A system and method for updating a database of authorized traffic speed limits (V Lt ) for vehicles on at least one section (t n ) concerned of a road network, including a remote server and an on-board system in each vehicle. A system and method capable of constituting a database of the average traffic speeds of vehicles on the sections with a view to implementing the aforementioned system.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No.14/910,468, filed on Apr. 1, 2016, which is a National Stage ofInternational Application No. PCT/FR2014/051971 filed Jul. 30, 2014,claiming priority based on French Patent Application No. 1301897 filedAug. 7, 2013, the contents of all of which are incorporated herein byreference in their entirety.

The present invention relates to a device or system and a methodintended for updating, completely automatically, a database ofauthorized traffic speed limits on all sections of a road network. Italso relates to the automatic constitution of a database of averagetraffic speeds of vehicles on said sections with a view to implementingthe aforementioned method.

It is known that currently, it is of interest for many road trafficmanagement systems to be able to have databases of authorized trafficspeed limits on a road network that are continuously updated.

Such updating is currently carried out by mapping companies that acquirethe data by means of vehicles equipped with cameras that travel the roadnetwork, section by section, in order to record “in situ” the speedlimits displayed on traffic signs.

Said recordings are then displayed and encoded in appropriate databasesby specialized offices. The result is that this type of operation isparticularly expensive, and under these conditions, only the main roadsare monitored and updated regularly, while the secondary roads are onlyupdated irregularly, which results in a lack of reliability of thedatabase because it includes some data that are obsolete and thereforeerroneous.

The present invention is proposed in order to remedy this disadvantageby proposing a system that enables a database of traffic speed limits onsaid sections to be updated completely automatically.

Thus, an object of the present invention is a system for updating adatabase of authorized traffic speed limits of vehicles on at least onesection concerned of a road network, including a remote servercomprising said speed limits database, an average speeds database, meansof communicating with an on-board system on each vehicle, said on-boardsystem comprising:

-   -   map reference means, particularly of the GPS type,    -   means of communicating with the remote server,    -   means of measuring the instantaneous speed of the vehicle,    -   data processing means,        the on-board system and/or the remote server including a mapping        database of road sections, characterized in that it comprises        means capable of:    -   periodically calculating, for said section concerned, the        statistical maximum value of the average speed values of all        vehicles having traversed said section concerned during a        specific period of time, which are stored in the average speeds        database,    -   determining the difference between said statistical maximum        value and the value recorded for said section in the speed        limits database,    -   if the difference is greater than a threshold value, replacing        in the aforementioned speed limits database the aforementioned        value recorded for said section with a new value based on the        statistical maximum value.

According to the invention, the remote server will be able to includemeans capable of taking, as a new value, the value closest to thestatistical maximum value contained in a table of possible limit values.

The threshold value may be a percentage of the speed limit valuerecorded in the speed limits database.

Moreover, the map reference means of a vehicle may be capable offurnishing the heading thereof, and the direction of travel of thevehicle may be deduced therefrom.

In one implementation of the invention, the on-board system may includea speed limits database, the data of which will be updated as a functionof the data contained in the speed limits database of the server. Theon-board system may include means of displaying the speed limit on thesection concerned, provided by its speed limits database.

An object of the present invention is also a method of updating a speedlimits database for vehicle traffic on at least one section concerned ofa road network, including a remote server comprising said speed limitsdatabase, an average speeds database, means of communicating with anon-board system on each vehicle, said on-board system comprising:

-   -   map reference means, particularly of the GPS type,    -   means of communicating with the remote server,    -   means of measuring the instantaneous speed of the vehicle,    -   data processing means,        the on-board system and/or the remote server including a mapping        database of the road sections, characterized in that the remote        server:    -   periodically calculates, for said section concerned, the        statistical maximum value of the average speed values of all        vehicles having traversed said section concerned during a        specific period of time and which are stored in the average        speeds database,    -   determines the difference between said statistical maximum value        and the value recorded for said section in the speed limits        database,    -   if the difference is greater than a threshold value, it replaces        in the aforementioned speed limits database the aforementioned        value recorded for said section with a new value based on said        statistical maximum value.

According to the invention, the value closest to the statistical maximumvalue contained in a table of possible limit values can be taken as thenew speed limit value for said section. Moreover, the new value of theauthorized speed limit may be displayed in the on-board system.

Furthermore, it is known that it is of interest for road networkmanagers to have a database in which the average speeds of vehiclestraveling on the respective different sections of road comprising a roadnetwork would be stored. Such a database is of particular interest forestablishing, according to the invention, an update of the authorizedtraffic speed limits databases on the sections of a road network, aspreviously explained.

An object of the present invention is also a system of constituting adatabase of average traffic speeds of vehicles on at least one sectionconcerned of a road network intended for the implementation of a systemfor updating a speed limits database, as previously explained,characterized in that the on-board system of each vehicle includes meanscapable of:

-   -   determining, based on its map reference means and on the mapping        database, the section concerned on which it is traveling as well        as each change of section,    -   at each change of section, sending to the remote server the        identification of the last section traveled and:    -   either calculating the average speed of the vehicle on said last        section and communicating said speed to the remote server,    -   or communicating to the remote server the times the vehicle        entered and exited the last section, the remote server being in        this case provided with means capable of calculating the average        speed of the vehicle on said section,        the remote server comprising means capable of placing in an        average speeds database at least the identifier of the section        concerned as well as said average speed value on said section,        the travel time of the vehicle over said section as well as the        direction of travel thereon.

According to the invention, the mapping database may comprise thefollowing data:

-   -   identifier of the road section,    -   map reference of each section change node.

Moreover, the map reference means may be capable of furnishing theposition, instantaneous speed and heading of the vehicle.

In one implementation of the invention:

-   -   the map reference means may be capable of reading, at specific        time intervals, the successive instantaneous speeds of the        vehicle,    -   the on-board system may comprise means of storing said        instantaneous speeds,    -   the on-board system may comprise means of calculating the        average of said instantaneous speeds.

In another implementation of the invention:

-   -   the map reference means may be capable of reading, at specific        time intervals, the successive instantaneous positions of the        vehicle,    -   the on-board system may comprise means of storing said        instantaneous positions,    -   the on-board system may comprise means of calculating the length        of the section concerned, which is equal to the sum of the        lengths of the segments separating two successive readings of        the section concerned,    -   the on-board system may comprise means of calculating the travel        time over the section concerned, which is equal to the time        separating the first and the last readings on said section,    -   the on-board system may comprise means of calculating the        average speed of the vehicle on the section concerned, which is        equal to the ratio of the length of the section divided by the        time traveled thereon.

An object of the present invention is also a method of updating a speedlimits database for vehicle traffic on at least one section concerned ofa road network, including a remote server comprising said speed limitsdatabase, an average speeds database, means of communicating (15) withan on-board system on each vehicle, said on-board system comprising:

-   -   map reference means, particularly of the GPS type,    -   means of communicating with the remote server,    -   means of measuring the instantaneous speed of the vehicle,    -   data processing means,        the on-board system and/or the remote server comprising a        mapping database of the road sections, characterized in that the        remote server:    -   periodically calculates, for said section concerned, the        statistical maximum value of the average speed values of all        vehicles having traversed said section concerned during a        specific period of time and which are stored in the average        speeds database,    -   determines the difference between said statistical maximum value        and the value recorded for said section in the speed limits        database,    -   if the difference is greater than a threshold value, it replaces        in the aforementioned speed limits database the aforementioned        value recorded for said section with a new value based on said        statistical maximum value.

According to the invention, the value closest to the statistical maximumvalue contained in a table of possible limit values can be taken as anew speed limit value for said section. The new value of the authorizedspeed limit can also be displayed in the on-board system.

An object of the present invention is also a method of constituting adatabase of average traffic speeds for vehicles on at least one sectionconcerned of a road network for the implementation of a method ofupdating a speed limits database, as previously explained, said averagespeeds database being contained in a remote server comprising means ofcommunicating with an on-board system on each vehicle, said on-boardsystem comprising:

-   -   map reference means, particularly of the GPS type,    -   means of communicating with the remote server,    -   means of measuring the instantaneous speed of the vehicle,    -   data processing means,        the on-board system and/or the remote server comprising a        mapping database of the road sections, characterized in that the        on-board system of the vehicle:    -   determines, based on its map reference means and on the mapping        database, the section concerned on which it is traveling as well        as each change of section,    -   determines at each change of section the average speed of the        vehicle on the section previously traveled, and communicates        said speed to the remote server as well as the identifier of        said section and the direction of travel of the vehicle thereon,

and the remote server, upon receipt of said communication, places in theaverage speeds database the identifier of the section concerned, saidaverage speed value on said section, the travel time over said sectionas well as the direction of travel thereon.

In one implementation of the invention for calculating the average speedof the vehicle, the on-board system:

-   -   will read, at specific time intervals, the successive        instantaneous positions of the vehicle,    -   will store said instantaneous positions in memory,    -   will calculate the length of the section concerned, which is        equal to the sum of the lengths of the segments separating two        readings of successive positions of the section concerned,    -   will calculate the time traveled on the section concerned, which        is equal to the time separating the first and the last readings        on said section,    -   will calculate the ratio of the length of the section divided by        the time traveled thereon.

In another implementation of the invention, in order to calculate theaverage speed of the vehicle, the on-board system:

-   -   will read, at specific time intervals, the successive        instantaneous speeds of the vehicle,    -   will store said instantaneous speeds in memory,    -   will calculate the average of said speeds.

Described below, by way of non-limiting example, is one form ofimplementation of the present invention, with reference to the appendeddrawings in which:

FIG. 1 is a histogram of the average speeds of a set of vehicles havingtraversed the same road section, for which the speed limit displayedthereon is equal to the one recorded in the database,

FIG. 2 is a histogram of the average speeds of a set of vehicles havingtraversed the same road section for which the speed limit displayedthereon is lower than the one recorded in the database,

FIG. 3 is a schematic view of a system making it possible to establish,firstly, a database of average speeds of vehicles traveling on roadsections, and secondly, an updating of the speed limits database on saidsections,

FIG. 4a is a schematic view of a road section extending between twosection nodes,

FIG. 4b is a schematic view of said road section showing the positionsof the different readings made thereon by the system according to theinvention,

FIG. 5 is a flowchart representing the different steps implementedaccording to the invention for establishing an average speeds databasefor vehicles traveling on road sections,

FIG. 6 is a flowchart representing the different steps implementedaccording to the invention for updating a database of authorized speedlimits of vehicles traveling on road sections,

FIG. 7 is a schematic view of a variant of implementation of the systemrepresented in FIG. 3,

FIGS. 8a and 8b are diagrams showing the number of vehicles havingtraversed a specific section as a function of the average speed oftravel of said vehicles on said section, respectively when the valuestored in the speed limits database is correct and when said value isgreater than the value displayed on the signs of the road sectionconcerned.

The present invention begins with the observation that currently, moreand more countries have installed automated means of monitoring speedsof vehicles. Consequently, it can be acknowledged that statistically,most drivers comply with these speed limits, and in practice, they alsoadjust their speed slightly below the value of the speed limit displayedon road signs.

By way of example, a histogram was produced showing the distribution ofspeeds of vehicles traversing a section of highway on which theauthorized speed limit V_(Lt) is set at 110 km/h and which isrepresented in FIG. 1. The speeds of the vehicles are shown on theabscissa in the histogram, and the number of vehicles traveling at saidspeeds on the ordinate. Thus, it can be seen that there are twice asmany vehicles traveling below the authorized speed limit V_(Lt), i.e.,between 100 and 110 km/h, than vehicles traveling above said speedlimit, i.e., between 110 and 120 km/h.

Thus, discounting the impact of disturbing phenomena such as trafficjams or any other cause of traffic congestion, the speed respected bydrivers corresponds to the upper limit of the interval of thedistribution of average speeds of vehicles traveling on the same roadsection.

Moreover, represented in FIG. 2 is a histogram of speeds obtained on aroad section for which the authorized speed limit V_(Lt) is recorded inthe database as 130 km/h. It can be seen in this histogram that the peakof vehicle speeds is no longer situated just below the speed consideredas the speed limit V_(Lt), i.e., 130 km/h, on said section, as was thecase in FIG. 1, but rather well above said limit, i.e., a speed ofbetween 100 and 110 km/h. It will be acknowledged, then, that on saidsection t, automobile drivers statistically respect a lower speed limitthan the one indicated on the road signs, which is 110 km/h.

As represented in FIG. 3, the system according to the inventionessentially utilizes a remote server 1 and the automotive vehicles ofthe users, which are equipped with an on-board system 3 that comprisesglobal positioning means 5, particularly of the GPS type, as well ascommunication means 7 capable of communicating said GPS means with theremote server, particularly by a GPRS or 3G-type network. It furthercomprises a “mapping database” 9, which contains the map of the roadnetwork and which enables vehicles equipped with the on-board system 3,in combination with the positioning coordinates furnished by the globalpositioning means 5, to be located on a map. Said complex is managed bya microprocessor 8. Furthermore, it is known that the different routesof the road network are divided into sections t, each of whichrepresents, as previously specified, an interval for which the value ofthe authorized speed limit V_(Lt) is the same. Said different sectionsare referenced by a unique identifier t₁, t₂, . . . t_(n).

In one implementation of the invention, a schematic diagram of which isshown in FIG. 4a , the mapping database 9 comprises, for each of thesections t forming the road network, its identifier t₁, t₂, . . . ,t_(n), the direction of travel, and for each of said sections, theglobal positioning coordinates, particularly in latitude and longitude,at least two ends N_(n) and N_(n+1) of said sections (hereinafter calledsection nodes), which represent each of the points separating twosections for which the authorized speed limit V_(Lt) is different, or inother words, the points where said speed limit changes.

By way of example, represented in FIG. 4a is a highway section t _(n)that begins at a section node N_(n) where the authorized speed limitchanges from a value of 110 km/h to a value of 130 km/h and which endsat the next section node N_(n+1) where the speed limit returns from 130km/h to 110 km/h for a vehicle that moves from the node N_(n)towards thenode N_(n+1).

The remote server 1 includes a plurality of databases, namely inparticular a “speed limits database” 10, which contains the value of theauthorized speed limit V_(Lt) of each section of the road network, aswell as an “average speeds database” 11 intended to receive the valuesof the average speeds V_(mt) per section that are read during theprocess according to the invention.

As represented in FIG. 3, said databases are managed by a processor 13,which also manages the remote communication means 15 intended to ensurecommunication of the server 1 with the users' vehicles equipped with theon-board system 3.

According to the invention, and as represented in the flowchart of FIG.5, the global positioning system 5 of the on-board system 3 of each ofthe vehicles in motion, and under the management of the microprocessor8, periodically reads, for example with a frequency of p equal to onesecond, its position, and by querying its mapping database 9, itdetermines the road section concerned t_(n) and the direction ofmovement of the vehicle thereon. According to the invention, theon-board system 3 monitors any change of section of the vehicle.

Thus, for each reading, the on-board system 3 detects any change ofsection, and as long as there is no change of section, it places inmemory in the on-board system an information frame containing the time(day, hour, minute, second) of the reading, the value of theinstantaneous speed V_(it) on said section, as well as the direction oftravel of the vehicle.

As soon as the on-board system 3 detects a change of section, itcalculates the average speed V_(mt) of the vehicle during passagethrough the section that it has just exited.

To accomplish this, for example in a first calculation mode, theon-board system may calculate the average of the various instantaneousspeeds V_(it) it has collected in memory by the different readings ithas made during its passage through the section.

In a second calculation mode, the on-board system 3 may calculate theaverage speed V_(mt) of the vehicle by producing the ratio of the lengthL_(t) of the section to the time T_(t) that the vehicle has taken totravel through it, since it knows the time of entry of the vehicle intosaid section and the time of exiting thereof, and it is also capable ofcalculating the length of the section t_(n). To do so, as represented inFIG. 4b , in said mode of implementation, the system will note at eachreading the position of the vehicle, with the result that it will beable to determine the length LS_(n) of each of the segments of sectionsS₁, S₂, . . . S_(n), separating two successive readings of frequency p.The average speed V_(mt) will thus be equal to the sum of the length ofsaid n segments of sections over the time traveled (n×p) of saidsection, or:

$V_{mt} = \frac{{LS}_{1} + {LS}_{2} + \ldots + {LS}_{n}}{n \cdot p}$

The on-board system 3 then sends to the remote server 1 an informationframe containing the value V_(mt) of said average speed, theidentification parameter t_(n) of the section concerned, and thecorresponding time (date, time). Upon receipt, said server places saidinformation frame in its database of average speeds 11.

The different vehicles traveling on the different road sections willthus be able to automatically constitute the database of average speeds11 of all of the sections of a road network.

In one variant of implementation of the present invention, the on-boardsystem 3 can store this information frame in memory and communicate itto the remote server 1 only with a certain frequency that can range froma few minutes to several days.

In one variant of implementation of the present invention, which isrepresented in FIG. 7, the mapping database 9 is integrated with theserver 1. In such a configuration, after the reading of its GPSposition, the on-board system 3 contacts the server 1 and queries themapping database 9 thereof so as to determine the section t_(n) on whichthe vehicle is located as well as the location of the next section nodet_(n) through which the vehicle will pass. The process then proceeds aspreviously explained.

In another variant of implementation of the invention, the mappingdatabase 9 can be located both in the server 1 and in the on-boardsystem 3.

The present invention is of particular interest in that it makes itpossible to take a reading completely automatically of the averagespeeds V_(mt) of vehicles traveling over the different sections of aroad network and to constitute a database of said average speeds, whichcan be used for various applications in the domain of road trafficmanagement.

It is therefore of particular interest in that it enables an automaticupdate of the traffic speed limits database to be made over all or partof said road network.

Thus, according to the invention, and as represented in the flowchart ofFIG. 6, from the database 11 of average speeds V_(mt), the processor 13of the remote server 1 is capable of constructing, for each of the roadsections t_(n), a graph of the type represented in FIGS. 8a and 8b ,where the abscissa is the average speed V_(mt) of vehicles havingtraversed said road section t_(n) during a given period, and theordinate is the number of vehicles corresponding to said speeds.

Periodically, with a period particularly on the order of one day forexample, if the object is to determine if a work zone is in progress,the processor 13 of the remote server 1 determines, for the sectionsthat it wishes to verify, the maximum value V_(Mt) of the average speedsV_(mt) of all vehicles having traversed said section over the course ofthe given period and which corresponds to the speed at which mostvehicles traveled over said section. Said period can be reduced toseveral minutes of observation if the object is to update a new speedlimit on a variable-speed road section and the vehicle flow contributingto the measurement is sufficient.

The system then compares said maximum value V_(Mt) with the value of theauthorized speed limit V_(Lt) recorded in the speed limits database 10,and if the difference d is greater than a specific threshold value, forexample 10%, it is concluded that the value of the authorized speedlimit V_(Lt) on said section t_(n) appearing in said speed limitsdatabase 10 is in error.

Thus, when said graph occurs as seen in FIG. 8a , where the value of theauthorized speed limit V_(Lt) recorded in the speed limits database 10is equal to 110 km/h, the processor 13 determines the maximum valueV_(Mt) of the graph, i.e., 105 km/h, and then calculates the differenced:

d=V _(Mt) −V _(Lt)=5 km/h

Since said difference is less than the value of 10% (taken here asthreshold value) of the value V_(Lt) of the authorized speed limitrecorded for said section, the processor considers that said value iscorrect and proceeds to the next process as represented in FIG. 6. Itverifies whether the section is the last one it wishes to verify, and ifnot, it proceeds to the next.

However, if the graph appears as in FIG. 8b , where the value of thespeed limit V_(Lt) recorded in the speed limits database 10 is equal to130 km/h, the processor 13 determines, as previously, the maximum valueV_(Mt) corresponding to the maximum number of vehicles for said speedvalue, or 105 km/h, and then calculates the difference d.

d=V _(Mt) −V _(Lt)=25 km/h

Since this difference is greater than 10% of the value of the speedrecorded for said section, the processor considers that the recordedvalue is incorrect.

Under these conditions, it then seeks in a table of possible speedlimits TAB the one that is closest to the value V_(Mt), and it is thisvalue that it will use for the modified speed limit value V_(L′t). Thetable TAB may be composed of speed limits in force on the road network,for example: 10, 30, 50, 70, 90, 110 and 130 km/h.

Thus, in the preceding example, the system will use the value of 110km/h as modified value V_(L′t) of the authorized speed limit on saidsection.

The system then replaces the value V_(Lt) in the speed limits database10 with the value V_(L′t).

The processor 13 of the remote server 1 proceeds in the same way for allor part of the other sections t_(n) of the road network.

In a variant of implementation of the present invention, the on-boardsystem 3 includes, as represented in FIG. 7, in addition to the meanspreviously mentioned, means of displaying visual messages by means of ascreen 17 and/or audible messages by a speaker 19, as in the case of a“smartphone” for example. Such a configuration allows the remote server,via its communication means 15 and those 7 of the on-board system 3, toinform the vehicle's user, particularly in real time, of themodification of a speed limit, for example following temporary work orany other event leading the road network management authorities tomodify the traffic speed limit V_(L) on a section of road for anundefined period of time.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of updating a database of traffic speedlimits (V_(mt)) for vehicles traveling on at least one section (t_(n))concerned of a road network, including a remote server (1) comprisingsaid speed limits database (10), an average speeds database (11), means(15) of communicating with an on-board system (3) on each vehicle, saidon-board system comprising: map reference means (5), particularly of theGPS type, means (7) of communicating with the remote server (1), means(5) of measuring the instantaneous speed (Vit) of the vehicle, dataprocessing means (8), the on-board system (3) and/or the remote server(1) comprising a mapping database (9) of the road sections (t), whereinthe remote server (1): periodically calculates, for said section (tn)concerned, the statistical maximum value (VMt) of the average speedvalues (Vmt) of all vehicles having traversed said section (tn)concerned during a specific period of time and which are stored in theaverage speeds database (11), determines the difference (d) between saidstatistical maximum value (VMt) and the value (VLt) recorded for saidsection in the speed limits database (10), if the difference (d) isgreater than a threshold value, it replaces in the aforementioned speedlimits database (10) the aforementioned value (VLt) recorded for saidsection with a new value (VL′t) based on said statistical maximum value(VMt).
 2. The method of updating a speed limits database according toclaim 1, wherein the value closest to the statistical maximum value(V_(Mt)) contained in a table (TAB) of possible limit values can betaken as a new speed limit value for said section.
 3. The method ofupdating a speed limits database according to claim 1, wherein the newvalue of the authorized speed limit is displayed in the on-board system.4. The method of constituting a database of average traffic speeds(V_(mt)) for vehicles on at least one section (t_(n)) concerned of aroad network for the implementation of a method of updating a speedlimits database (10) according to claim 1, said average speeds database(11) being contained in a remote server (1) comprising means ofcommunicating with an on-board system (3) on each vehicle, said on-boardsystem comprising: map reference means (5), particularly of the GPStype, means (7) of communicating with the remote server (1), means (5)of measuring the instantaneous speed (V_(it)) of the vehicle, dataprocessing means (8), the on-board system (3) and/or the remote server(1) comprising a mapping database (9) of the road sections (t), whereinthe on-board system (3) of the vehicle: determines, based on its mapreference means (5) and on the mapping database (9), the section (t_(n))concerned on which it is traveling as well as each change of section(t), determines at each change of section (t) the average speed (V_(mt))of the vehicle on the section previously traveled, and communicates saidspeed to the remote server (1) as well as the identifier (t_(n)) of saidsection and the direction of travel of the vehicle thereon, and theremote server, upon receipt of said communication, places in the averagespeeds database (11) the identifier (t_(n)) of the section concerned,said average speed value (V_(mt)) on said section, the travel time oversaid section as well as the direction of travel thereon.
 5. The methodof constituting a database (11) of average traffic speeds (V_(mt))according to claim 4, wherein, in order to calculate the average speed(V_(mt)) of the vehicle, the on-board system (1): reads, at specifictime intervals (p), the successive instantaneous positions of thevehicle, stores said instantaneous positions in memory, calculates thelength (L_(t)) of the section (t_(n)) concerned, which is equal to thesum of the lengths (L_(S1), L_(S2), . . . L_(Sn)) of the segments (S₁,S₂, . . . S_(n)) separating two readings of successive positions of thesection (t_(n)) concerned, calculates the time (T_(t)) traveled on thesection (t_(n)) concerned, which is equal to the time separating thefirst and the last readings on said section (t_(n)), calculates theratio of the length (L_(t)) of the section divided by the time (T_(t))traveled thereon.
 6. The method of constituting a database of averagetraffic speeds (V_(mt)) according to claim 4, wherein, in order tocalculate the average speed (V_(mt)) of the vehicle, the on-board system(1): reads, at specific time intervals (p), the successive instantaneousspeeds (V_(it)) of the vehicle, stores said instantaneous speeds(V_(it)) in memory, calculates the average of said speeds.